高考英语听力试题中“信号词”、虚拟语气和非限制性定语从句对于解题的关键作用
摘要:高考英语考试加入听力部分(30分,占卷面分数20%),既是高考考试制度的重大改革,也是顺应英语教育核心素养的推进和时代发展的需要。本文结合近五年高考英语全国一卷的试题,从听力技巧信号词和英语语法的角度阐明听力策略。授人于渔,提高学生应试能力,帮助学生在听力考试中发挥最佳的水平。
关键词:信号词 虚拟语气 非限制性定语从句 听力策略
一、近五年高考英语听力试题(全国卷)的分析
在语言交际中,听与说、读、写等能力有同样重要的地位。听是人们理解话语的重要途径,是深入学习语言、进行言语交际的基础(戴梅生,1996)。从近五年的高考全国卷英语听力题的整体情况看,辨别事实细节和简单的推断能力是考查学生听力的重点,难度在平稳中稍有变化。因此在听力中,信号词发挥重大的方向性作用,特别在前五题中发挥重要提示作用。
1. 话语材料变化不大
近五年高考英语听力题的话语材料丰富多彩,主要围绕英美人士真实的生活场景展开。它包含了日常生活、体育运动、校园生活、工作、访谈、旅游等话题,整体趋势没有明显的变化。语料基本避免了陌生的英语国家俚语和习惯用语。
2. 语言风格立足生活
2013----2017年五套听力试题的材料的语言风格以人们的实际生活中对话为蓝本,尽量保留了口语特色,近五年的高考英语听力试题的基本情况如下表:
|
年份 |
2013年 |
2014年 |
2015年 |
2016年 |
2017年 |
|
录播者 |
男:Kris Chung; 女: Laura Estelles |
男:Kris Chung; 女: Laura Estelles |
男:Kris Chung; 女: Laura Estelles |
男:Kris Chung; 女: Laura Estelles |
男:Kris Chung; 女: Tushka Bergen |
|
语音 |
美音 |
美音 |
美音 |
美音 |
美音 |
|
词数 |
928 |
900 |
731 |
871 |
937 |
|
时间 |
20:18:32 |
20:41:56 |
16:06 |
23:06 |
22:50 |
|
语速 |
150-155wpm |
154wpm |
184.6 wpm |
155wpm |
165wpm |
|
能力考查点 |
事实细节题12道; 推断题6道;意图、观点和态度题2道 |
主旨要义题1道; 事实信息题9道; 推断题7道;意图观点和态度3道。 |
主旨要义题1道;事实信息题9道;推断题6道;意图观点和态度题3道。 |
理解主旨要义题1道;事实信息14道;推断题4道;意图观点和态度题1道。 |
理解主旨要义题1道;事实信息13道;推断题5道;意图观点和态度题1道。 |
3. 材料中信息点密布。
近五年的高考听力试题中比较突出的是干扰项中信息点的高密度分布。
我国有:“授之于鱼,不如授之以渔”之说,法国科学家笛卡尔也说过:“最有价值的知识是关于方法的知识。”若方法得当,可以事半功倍。笔者结合对近五年全国高考英语Ⅰ卷的分析和自身的教学实践就高考英语听力应试技巧谈几点拙见。
一、高考英语听力中信号词包括转折词、否定词、因果关系词、表示强调、抱歉和身份的词。
1. 表示转折的信号词。
|
2013年 |
1. What does the man want to do? [正确答案 A] A. Take photos. B. Buy a camera. C. Help the woman. Text 1 M: I’ve got my camera with me. But am I allowed to take photos here? W: I think so. It doesn’t say you can’t. 3. Where is the man now? [正确答案 A] A. On his way. B. In a restaurant. C. At home. Text 3 M: Hi, Maggie. I’m coming, but it’s snowing and the traffic is moving slowly. W: OK, David. Take your time. We’ll wait for you, so we can have dinner together. 8. Why does Diana say sorry to Peter? [正确答案 A] A. She has to give up her travel pan B. She wants to visit another city. C. She needs to put off her test. Text 8 W: We were going to M: How come? W: I have a really big geography test and I have to study for it. |
|
2014年 |
4. What does the man think of the book? [正确答案 B] A. Quite difficult. B. Very interesting. C. Too simple. Text 4 W: I hope you like the book I lent you. I wasn’t sure if you’d be interested. M: I had the same doubt at first. But once I started, I simply couldn’t put it down. 17. How long has the speaker lived in a big city? [正确答案 B] A. One year. B. Ten years. C. Eighteen years. Text 10 After ten years of living in one, I can’t imagine ever living in a small town again. |
|
2015年 |
8. What food does Sally like? [正确答案 B] A. Chicken. B. Fish. C. Eggs. Text 7 But I like all kinds of fish and vegetables. 11. When is the report due? [正确答案 A] A. Thursday. B. Friday. C. Next Monday. Text 8 But I have a report due tomorrow. Ms. Jenkins needs it for the board meeting next Monday. M: Well, it’s Wednesday today. |
|
2016年 |
12.How much will the woman pay her room per night? [正确答案 B] A. $179 B.$199 C. $219 Text 8 I can certainly change that for you, but there will be a change in the room rate. The new rate is $199 per night, instead of the original $179. |
|
2017年 |
1. What does the woman think of the movie? [正确答案 C] A. It’s amusing. B. It’s exciting. C. It’s disappointing. Text 1 W: Have you seen the movie “Hangover”? We went to see it last night. M: How was it? W: Jason thought it was extremely amusing, but I was a bit disappointed. 10. Where will Mr. White be at 11 o’clock? [正确答案 B] A. At the office. B. At the airport. C. At the restaurant. M: I’d love to, Miss Wilson, but I’ve got a pretty tight schedule today. I’ve got to finish reading the yearly financial report by 10. Then I have to drive to the airport to pick up an advertiser at 11. |
2. 表示否定词的信号词。
|
2014年 |
6. Why is Harry unwilling to join the woman? [正确答案 B] A. He has a pain in his knee. B. He wants to watch TV. C. He is too lazy. Text 6 M: No, I’m not! You know, there’s a basketball match on TV today. Let’s just stay home and watch it. 11. Why are the speakers making the trip? [正确答案 A] A. For business. B. For shopping. C. For holiday. 12. What is the probable relationship between the speakers? [正确答案 C] A. Driver and passenger. B. Husband and wife. C. Fellow workers. Text 8 W: No, we don’t have to. The company car will pick us up and take us there. |
|
2015年 |
2. What does the woman think of the weather? [正确答案 C] A. It’s nice. B. It’s warm. C. It’s cold. Text 2 M: Nice weather we’re having, don’t you think? W: No. It is too cold. M: I think it is just right. W: I’d prefer it a few degrees warmer. 4. What is the woman’s opinion about the course? [正确答案 B] A. Too hard. B. Worth taking. C. Very easy. Text 4 M: This course is really difficult. W: I don’t think it’s all that bad. And we’ll benefit a lot from it. M: So, you’re taking it too? W: That’s true. |
|
2017年 |
4. Where are the speakers? [正确答案 B] A. In a classroom. B. In a library. C. In a bookstore. Text 4 M: I don’t have a library card. Do I need one? W: You have to have one only to take books out. You’re okay if you just sit in one of the rooms reading. M: Well then, I’ll just read here. Thank you. 14. What did the woman dislike about A. The weather. B. The food. C. The schools. 15. What does Bill hope to do about his family? [正确答案 A] A. Bring them to C. Visit them in a few months. Text 9 The only thing I didn’t like is the food, especially the sausages. But I hope to move the family out there in a couple of months’ time. I don’t think I want to spend a year and a half out there on my own...I mean, without Rachel and the kids. I mean, I don’t see that much of them now as it is. 17. When did it rain last time in Juárez? [正确答案 C] A. Three days ago. B. A month ago. C. A year ago. 18. What season is it now in Juárez? [正确答案 A] A. Spring. B. Summer. C. Autumn. Text 10 With no rains for over a year, the city is suffering from unusually hot weather. Summer has not even started yet,… |
3. 表示因果关系的信号词。
|
2013年 |
2. What are the speakers talking about? [正确答案 C] A. A noisy night. B. Their life in town. C. A place of living. Text 2 M: I really like living here in this flat, because it’s so near the center of town. W: That’s true. But it gets really noisy at night. 11. Who needs a new flat? [正确答案 B] A. Alex. B. Andrea. C. Miranda. 12. Where is the woman now? [正确答案 A] A. In Text 8 W: Hello, this is Andrea. Umm, well, I don’t think I can start Monday. I am visiting my father in 20. Why does the speaker like A. It has an old stone surface. B. It is named after a writer. C. It has a famous university. Text 10 One of them is the most famous university in my country. That’s why it is my favorite street of all. |
|
2014年 |
3. Who might Mr. Peterson be? [正确答案 C] A. A new professor. B. A department head. C. A company director. Text 3 W: Did you hear that Mr. Peterson is coming next week, Gordon? M: Yes, so I called all the department heads to my office this morning. We need to give him reports on our program. |
|
2015年 |
18. Why do tea tasters taste tea with milk? [正确答案 A] A. Most British people drink tea that way. B. Tea tastes much better with milk. C. Tea with milk is healthy. Text 10 The tasters generally taste teas with milk, since that is how the majority of British people drink their tea. |
4. 表示强调的信号词:actually,as a matter of fact, in fact, in reality, in truth
|
2016年 |
5. What does the woman mean? [正确答案 A] A. Keep the window closed. B. Go out for fresh air. C. Turn on the fan. Text 5 M: We need to have some fresh air. Do you mind my opening the window? W: As a matter of fact, I’m feeling a bit cold. |
5. 表示抱歉的信号词:I’m sorry, sorry.
|
2016年 |
2. What is the woman going to do? [正确答案 B] A. Help the man. B. Take a bus. C. Get a camera. Text 2 M: Excuse me. Do you have time to help take a picture of us? W: Oh, I’m sorry. I’ve got to catch a bus. M: That’s OK. |
6. 表示人物关系的信号词dear, honey, darling …:以下是常见的对话者关系:
husband——wife teacher——student boss——employee
doctor——patient parents——kid waiter——customer
classmates roommates shop assistant——customer
|
2015年 |
13. What is the probable relationship between the speakers? [正确答案 C] A. Salesperson and customer. B. Homeowner and cleaner. C. Husband and wife. Text 9 W: Anything interesting in the paper today, dear? |
二、虚拟语气在听力中的重要作用。
|
2013年 |
5. What day is it when the conversation takes place? [正确答案 B] A. Saturday. B. Sunday. C. Monday. Text 5 Text 5 W: I won’t have anything to wear to work on Monday unless I pick up my clothes at the dry cleaners. M: Then you’d better hurry. It closes at noon on Sundays. W: Oh! I should have gone there Saturday. |
|
2016年 |
3. What does the woman suggest the man do? [正确答案 A] A. Tell Kate to stop. B. Call Kate’s friends. C. Stay away from Kate. Text 3 M: It really annoys me when Kate calls her friends during office hours. W: If I were you, I would tell her to stop. M: Maybe you’re right. I will talk to her sometime. |
三、非限制性定语从句在最后一篇长对话中的频繁出现。
|
2013年 |
17. What do we know about the Plaza Leon? [正确答案 C] A. It’s a new building. B. It’s a small town. C. It’s public place. 18. When do parents and children like going to the Plaza Leon? [正确答案 B] A. Saturday nights. B. Sunday afternoons. C. Fridays and Saturdays. 19. Which street is known for its food shops and markets? [正确答案 C] A. Via Text 10 The Plaza Leon, which is more than 100 years old, is the gathering place for young people on Friday and Saturday nights, and for parents and children on Sunday afternoons. Four streets lead to the Plaza, which have wide sidewalks and are tree-lined. |
|
2014年 |
18. What is the speaker’s opinion on public transport? [正确答案 C] A. It’s comfortable. B. It’s time-saving. C. It’s cheap. Text 10 …but there you have a choice of taking public transport, which is cheaper than driving. |
|
2016年 |
17. Who is Wang Ming? [正确答案 A] A. A student. B. An employer. C. An engineer. Text 10. Wang Ming, who is about to get an engineering degree… |
总之,听力测试是一项综合技能的考查,涉及到语言、词汇量、语法知识、文化背景以及逻辑思维等多个方面。任何答题技巧都不能代替基础知识的学习和能力的培养,但是掌握了一定的技巧,无疑能提高学生的应试能力,在考试中发挥最佳的水平。
参考文献:
【1】王广, 2011. 谈高考英语听力的解题思路和技巧 江苏教师 教材教法
【2】汪首应, 2013. 探究高考英语听力设计 提高听力应试技巧 中学生英语
【3】刘静静,2016. 是什么影响了学生英语的听力成绩 ——高考英语听力教学影响因素分析与对策探究 疯狂英语教学版 听力教学
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